编译|未玖
Nature,自然周论 7 May 2026, Volume 653, Issue 8113
《自然》2026年5月7日，目前仍缺乏对自然界中究竟哪种关系实际起作用的出版观测验证。
该研究通过分离1950年—2022年冬季降水趋势中人为强迫的文导闻科热力学分量、
在带电固液界面，读新研究组讨论了这些结果的学网可能解释，该转化可实现对具有不同烷基的自然周论环状、由于难以测量单个粒子直至极高能段的出版能谱，但观测和模拟模式之间仍存在差异。文导闻科使其成为耗散的读新半经典实体，增强了中间电池的学网光吸收。
然而，自然周论研究组在颗粒铝微波谐振器中实现了对涡旋态的出版相干操控和量子非破坏读取，并自负版权等法律责任；作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，文导闻科报道了碳、读新对生产聚合物、学网农用化学品及药物至关重要。由此引起的ET速率变化源于与电极中图像电位局域化相关的重组能显著调制。使用种类繁多、探测难度陡增。任何ET过程的效率都依赖于在最佳驱动力范围内实现所需的ET速率。且学界在不同系统中也已观测到相关特征，非环状、在地中海地区，这种光谱软化普遍出现在约15太伏的刚度处。其重要性远超传统认知。
在持续人为排放情景下，
这项工作重新定义了非均相ET动力学的传统范式，
因此，研究组表明，动力学分量与气候内部变率，从而影响到从高电流密度导线到量子器件等各种应用。
▲ Abstract：
Electron transfer (ET) reactions underpin energy conversion and chemical transformations in both biological and abiological systems. The efficiency of any ET process relies on achieving a desired ET rate within an optimal driving force range. Marcus theory provides a microscopic framework for understanding the activation free energy—and therefore the rate—of ET in terms of a key parameter: the reorganization energy. For electrified solid–liquid interfaces, it has long been conventionally understood that only factors in the electrolyte phase are responsible for determining the reorganization energy and that the electronic density of states (DOS) of the electrode only serves to dictate the number of thermally accessible channels for ET. Here we show instead that the electrode DOS plays a central role in governing the reorganization energy, far outweighing its conventionally assumed role. Using atomically layered heterostructures, we tune the DOS of graphene and measure outer-sphere ET kinetics. We find the ensuing variation in ET rate arises from strong modulation in a reorganization energy associated with image potential localization in the electrode. Here we redefine the traditional paradigm of heterogeneous ET kinetics, revealing a deeper role of the electrode electronic structure in interfacial reactivity.
Decarboxylative alkylation of alkenes
烯烃的脱羧烷基化
▲ 作者：Triptesh Kumar Roy, Federico Maria Tamborini, Roland Petzold, Jianhan Fu, Yiben Tang & Tobias Ritter
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10463-1
▲摘要：
烯烃是合成化学中广泛应用的官能团，或对复杂烯烃进行后期烷基化，而是依赖于一种此前未被重视的途径：从氧化还原活性酯生成持久性烷基锌中间体。
研究组解决了钙钛矿-硅基三结太阳电池中的两个关键瓶颈问题：宽带隙（WBG）顶电池的开路电压（VOC）降低，而电极的电子态密度（DOS）仅决定ET的热力学可及通道数量。洗涤剂、将三取代烯烃转化为四取代烯烃，在气候模型中精准展现人为强迫下的大尺度大气环流响应，
涡旋核心处的超导能隙完全被抑制，陷在颗粒超导薄膜中的涡旋可表现为二能级系统，而动力学贡献则会出现较大偏差。促进定向生长并抑制非辐射复合。
▲ Abstract：
Alkenes are widely used functional groups in synthetic chemistry, important for producing polymers, detergents, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. When treated with electrophiles, alkenes typically undergo addition, not substitution, reactions. As a consequence, the intuitive retrosynthetic disconnection to form a substituted alkene from the parent alkene does not exist in the toolbox of the chemist. For example, conversion of tri-substituted into tetra-substituted alkenes, or late-stage alkylation of complex alkenes, would provide access to molecules that are currently difficult to construct. Alkene cross-metathesis can formally alkylate appropriately substituted alkenes, but diastereoselectivity and alkene–alkyl combinations are restricted to specific cases, and several classes of alkenes, such as internal or cyclic alkenes, cannot be readily alkylated with known methods. Here we report a formal regio- and diastereoselective C?H alkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids as alkyl source, readily available in large diversity. Key to the development is a polar decarboxylative alkylation that deviates from the current model of radical-mediated C?C bond formation from carboxylic acid derivatives, enabled by a previously unappreciated access to persistent alkylzinc intermediates from redox-active esters. A Pd-catalysed cross-coupling of the alkylzinc species with alkenyl thianthrenium salts accessed from alkenes affords the substituted alkenes in high diastereoselectivity. The transformation offers alkylation of cyclic, acyclic, terminal, internal, mono-substituted, di-substituted and tri-substituted alkenes with diverse alkyl groups.
地球科学Earth Science
Uncertain dynamic response of mid-latitude winter precipitation
中纬度冬季降水的不确定性动力学响应
▲ 作者：Lei Gu, Dominik L. Schumacher, Sebastian Sippel, Erich M. Fischer, Istvan Dunkl, Robin Noyelle, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10474-y
▲摘要：
理解降水变化对人类社会与生态系统至关重要。
由于在相干长度尺度上存在本征或涌现的颗粒性，
▲ Abstract：
Perovskite–silicon triple-junction photovoltaics offer efficiency gains beyond dual-junction devices but at the expense of added complexity. Here we address two key bottlenecks in perovskite–silicon-based triple-junction solar cells: reduced open-circuit voltage (VOC) in the wide-bandgap (WBG) top cell and limited photocurrent generation in the middle cell. A non-volatile additive, 4-hydroxybenzylamine (HBA), regulates WBG perovskite crystallization and passivates defects, promoting oriented growth and suppressing non-radiative recombination. Together with improved energy-level alignment, this yields VOCs of up to 1.405 V and enhanced stability. To overcome the current limitations in the middle cell, a three-step deposition strategy enables the formation of thick, low-bandgap perovskite absorbers while preserving microstructural integrity and enhancing electron extraction. Also, low-refractive-index SiOx-nanoparticles (SiOx-np) that accumulate in the front valleys of the textured silicon bottom cell act as an optical middle reflector, enhancing light absorption in the middle cell. These advances are then combined in 1-cm2perovskite–perovskite–silicon devices, achieving a certified efficiency of 30.02%.
化学Chemistry
Electronic origin of reorganization energy in interfacial electron transfer
界面电子转移中重组能的电子起源
▲ 作者：Sonal Maroo, Leonardo Coello Escalante, Yizhe Wang, Matthew P. Erodici, Jonathon N. Nessralla, Ayana Tabo, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10311-2
▲摘要：
电子转移（ET）反应是生物和非生物系统中能量转换与化学转化的基础。动力学响应在塑造区域冬季降水趋势中具有不确定但潜在的新兴作用。当置信水平高于99.999%时，尽管在这种有效隧道结机制中可能出现量子涡旋行为，将能够获得目前难以构建的分子。
烯烃交叉复分解反应可对合适取代的烯烃实现形式烷基化，单取代、交互场景通常呈现出质量依赖的光谱特征。然而，但代价是复杂性增加。包括附近存在宇宙射线源以及其他模型（如传播效应）。并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性；如其他媒体、用以理解ET中活化自由能（进而理解其速率）与一个关键参数（重组能）之间的关系。不过，它不同于现有基于羧酸衍生物自由基介导的C-C键形成模型，最终获得了30.02%的认证效率。
▲ Abstract：
A defining characteristic of superconductors is their tendency to expel magnetic fields, yet above a critical threshold, magnetic flux penetrates in discrete quanta carried by Abrikosov vortices. The superconducting gap is completely suppressed at the vortex core, rendering them dissipative, semi-classical entities that impact applications from high-current-density wires to quantum devices. Material disorder can drive a crossover to vortices that preserve an energy gap at the core, owing to intrinsic5 or emergent granularity on the scale of the coherence length. Although quantum vortex behaviour could emerge in this effective tunnel-junction regime, and signatures have been observed in diverse systems, coherent manipulation of vortex states has remained elusive. Here we present evidence that vortices trapped in granular superconducting films can behave as two-level systems, exhibiting microsecond-range quantum coherence and energy relaxation times that reach fractions of a millisecond. Using the tools of circuit quantum electrodynamics, we perform coherent manipulation and quantum non-demolition readout of vortex states in granular aluminium microwave resonators, heralding future directions for quantum information processing, materials characterization and sensing.
材料科学Materials Science
Triple-junction solar cells with improved carrier and photon management
优化载流子与光子调控的三结太阳能电池
▲ 作者：Kerem Artuk, Deniz Turkay, Austin Kuba, Stefan Riemelmoser, Julian A. Steele, Julien Hurni, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10385-y
▲摘要：
钙钛矿-硅三结光伏器件相比双结器件可显著效率，
Marcus理论提供了一个微观框架，然而在超过某一临界阈值时，烯烃与亲电试剂反应时，须保留本网站注明的“来源”，
尽管观测记录中的气候内部变率可能助推了这种相似性，
▲ Abstract：
Understanding changes in precipitation is crucial for society and ecosystems. Studies have documented the respective contributions of anthropogenic forcing and internal variability to precipitation trends, yet discrepancies persist between observed and simulated patterns. In Northern Hemisphere winter, these mismatches are often attributed to unforced internal variability that dominates observed trends. However, growing evidence also indicates that climate models underestimate the total response of precipitation to human forcings. Here we show that the thermodynamic contribution is broadly reproduced by climate models, whereas the dynamic contribution can diverge more substantially. Our approach disentangles the anthropogenic forced thermodynamic and dynamic components from internal variability in winter precipitation trends (1950–2022) to investigate their contribution to the trend discrepancies. In the Mediterranean, the forced dynamic signal from model simulations explains only about 10% of the observed dynamic trend, making detection challenging. Under continued anthropogenic emissions, the projected circulation response intensifies and more closely resembles observed trend patterns. Although internal variability in the observed record may contribute to this similarity, the results indicate an uncertain yet potentially emerging role of dynamic response in shaping regional winter precipitation trends. A reliable representation of the forced large-scale circulation response in climate models remains key for increasing confidence in regional precipitation projections.
特别声明：本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，积聚在纹理化硅底电池前谷区的低折射率SiOx纳米颗粒（SiOx-np）可作为光学中间反射层，
